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Concerns about the effects of global warming and predicted rising sea levels are radically changing government policies to lower carbon emissions using sustainable green technologies. The United Kingdom aims to reduce its carbon emissions by 78% by 2035 and achieve net zero by 2050. This is a major driver for energy management and is influencing development of buildings which use autonomous smart technologies to assist in lowering carbon footprints. These Smart Buildings use digital technologies by connecting sensor data with intelligent systems which can be monitored remotely to provide more efficient facilities management. The data harvested and transmitted from the IoT sensors provides a key component for Big Data Analytics using techniques such as Association rule mining for intelligent interpretation which can assist facilities management becoming more agile regarding office space utilization. The shift toward hybrid working particularly instigated by the COVID-19 pandemic and recent energy supply concerns caused by the Ukraine crisis presents facilities management with opportunities to optimize their space, reduce energy consumption, and allow them to identify commercial opportunities for the unused space throughout the building. This chapter discusses the use of association rules for data mining derived from a simulated dataset for an investigative analysis of office workflow patterns for facilities management operations, resource conservation, and sustainability. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 outbreak brought challenges to the education sector in Malaysia as schools were shut down and later on, operate under strict standard operating procedures (SOP) and guidelines. This situation caused inconvenience to school authorities as the education process was significantly affected. Smart building systems that integrate various technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), mechanisms and robotics and building management systems allow school authorities to operate the schools under the new norm. Therefore, this research was conducted to propose a safe operation of the physical teaching and learning process in schools by leveraging smart building systems. A qualitative method was adopted which involved the participation of five schools in Kedah. Findings revealed that smart building systems are suitable to be implemented in schools to create a safe environment and operation for the physical teaching and learning process under the new norm. © 2022 by MIP.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a discussion on how smart buildings and technologies currently and will continue to contribute to the future of work and workplaces. In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, a hybrid way of working has emerged and physical office spaces are becoming more a space for collaboration, innovation and interactions, which can be facilitated by the use of smart technologies. An analysis of the 15 highest-scoring smart buildings through the Smart Building Certification process highlights key trends in the smartest buildings as they contribute to the future of work and a hybrid way of working: increased flexibility, emphasis on user experience including indoor environmental quality and safety, and an overall drive towards sustainability. The shift towards smarter buildings also offers an opportunity to study the impacts of smart technologies on key performance aspects of the buildings and the building occupants. © 2022 ACM.
ABSTRACT
Smart and resilient cities are on the same path to long-term sustainability and need the creation of an ecosystem that can withstand an increasing number of hazards in the future. One of the primary goals of the smart city movement was to address many issues that have arisen as a result of growing urbanization, including the scarcity of energy, traffic congestion, and pollution. The way urban dwellers live, work, and travel due to more often natural disasters and political issues is changing, and this has an impact on the economy and business models, forming a new trend in urban studies. Smart cities play a critical role in the worldwide fight against Covid-19 in terms of tracking and tracing instances of coronavirus using smart technologies. The integration of smart buildings into a smart city also plays an important role in this scenario, providing advanced infrastructure and greater comfort for their residents as well as improved safety control, increased energy efficiency, accessibility to services, and overall satisfaction with a higher quality of life. The findings of this study are based on the review of papers selected from high-impact research journals, as well as an analysis of the most important industry tendencies and widely referenced literature on smart cities and resilient cities. As a result, this study examines the concepts of smart and resilient cities, as well as the relationship between smart city technologies, and resilient city indicators;the impact of technologies applicable in different smart city domains on city resilience is discussed. Finally, the conclusions on how proposed integration toward smart and resilient cities could be implemented for future cities' development are presented.
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the lifestyle of people in every community and workplace, including universities. There, places like cafeterias where people are expected to not wear a mask for the majority of time, i.e., while eating or drinking, are potentially very risky. In such scenarios, the Internet of Things (IoT) technological stack and Edge Intelligence paradigm represent really useful solutions for the safe provision of essential services by predicting, monitoring, and contrasting potentially dangerous situations. Therefore, in this chapter, we present an example of cognitive building denominated as Smart Cafeteria: it is a highly sensor-and-actuator-augmented environment, aimed at monitoring the users' presence in order to detect those dangerous situations for COVID-19 virus spreading. Driven by the development guidelines of the ACOSO-Meth methodology, the Smart Cafeteria exploits a set of heterogeneous edge devices, IoT technologies, cloud services, and neural networks for acquiring, gathering, analyzing, and predicting temperature and humidity values, since the latest studies have recently suggested that cold, dry, unventilated air contributes to virus transmission, especially in the winter season. The Smart Cafeteria has been designed within the campus of the University of Calabria, in Italy, as the specific target, but it can be adapted to any popular building or workplace. The obtained prototype testifies the suitability of approaches based on the Edge Intelligence paradigm for the development of effective and cheap solutions aimed at safer living spaces, within and beyond emergency situations. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
ABSTRACT
In the light of the recent global phenomena of the COVID-19 pandemic, there become evident changes in the habits and digital services usage in daily life. At this juncture, working from home (WFH) which is highly in need of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) support for work productivity and occupant well-being, has recently become a popular and almost mandatory way of working due to lockdowns all around the world. The fact remains that providing a better quality of working-life has a potential for using intelligent building technologies that lead to the rapid advancement in global information services when such crises arise. Buildings that integrated with the systems based on intelligent technologies aim to enhance the productivity and well-being flexibly to meet the changing requirements of occupants. Therefore, this study focuses on the mandatory WFH concept emerged during COVID-19 pandemic, and in this context the need for the intelligent building systems in residential buildings. The findings of this study would form a pathway for rethinking the influence of the intelligent building systems (IBSs) into the prevention of health issues that we faced during mandatory WFH.
ABSTRACT
The year 2020 has been an exceptional one worldwide;it has imposed new norms on the ways of living and business as usual practices. With the outbreak of COVID-19 in December 2019, a sudden shift was witnessed in many sectors such as education, transportation, tourism, construction, health and business. Health and safety measures enforced either the abandonment of some buildings such as schools, theaters, malls, and other public buildings, or the stay-at-home option in many nations. Residential buildings, therefore, became places to rest, study, work, and entertain, and public buildings witnessed alternating occupancy based on the health protocols. This research investigates how COVID-19 has altered and impacted the use of buildings in cases of crisis and lockdown. It then investigates the future of buildings post COVID-19, referring to sustainable and smart buildings as the way ahead. Features of sustainable and smart buildings are compared to the requirements of buildings post COVID-19 based on the literature review. Finally, this paper also provides an insight into Bahraini architects’ vision of public buildings post COVID-19. A survey was used to obtain how designers and architects in Bahrain envision buildings post COVID-19. The survey also measures if any changes have already been applied to buildings during this period. The survey results indicate that around 60% percent of architects believe that the future of the building stock in Bahrain will change to incorporate smart and sustainable buildings. © 2022 by authors. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Global climate change and COVID-19 have changed our social and business life. People spend most of their daily lives indoors. Low-cost devices can monitor indoor air quality (IAQ) and reduce health problems caused by air pollutants. This study proposes a real-time and low-cost air quality monitoring system for smart homes based on Internet of Things (IoT). The developed IoT-based monitoring system is portable and provides users with real-time data transfer about IAQ. During the COVID-19 period, air quality data were collected from the kitchen, bedroom and balcony of their home, where a family of 5 spend most of their time. As a result of the analyzes, it has been determined that indoor particulate matter is mainly caused by outdoor infiltration and cooking emissions, and the CO2 value can rise well above the permissible health limits in case of insufficient ventilation due to night sleep activity. The obtained results show that the developed measuring devices may be suitable for measurement-based indoor air quality management. In addition, the proposed low-cost measurement system compared to existing systems;It has advantages such as modularity, scalability, low cost, portability, easy installation and open-source technologies.
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The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm is growing, affecting human life and aiming to solve problems in the real world, i.e., in education, healthcare, smart homes, intelligent transportation, and other areas. However, it is a fact that the development of IoT systems is complicated compared to that of traditional software systems, especially in relation to requirements engineering (RE). The RE of IoT systems is not implemented frequently due to their broad aspects, such as the variety of user needs, making these systems difficult to construct. In this sense, the use of loT-based systems has not been well explored by the research community in order to provide well-planned proposals to improve the quality of their performance. In this work, we present a comprehensive and inclusive review of the RE of loT-based systems. To accomplish this, a systematic mapping study (SMS) is presented to evaluate the use of parameters based on the existing literature. SMS is a methodology used for research in the medical field and has recently been implemented in software engineering (SE) to sort and organize research publications to gain knowledge on progress and identify research gaps. In this article, we aim to classify the existing research publications in the current scientific literature regarding RE proposals for IoT software systems and review their implications for future research. This will make it possible to establish lines of research in order to improve the quality of the development of future IoT systems.
ABSTRACT
Si dettaglia l'evoluzione del prototipo IDEAs (Intelligent Domestic Ecosystem for an Ageing Society) quale modello abitativo integrato da un sistema finalizzato al monitoraggio e supporto delle attivita di vita quotidiane dell'anziano fragile. Dal punto di vista trans-scalare, appare utile ridefinire la smart city in chiave cittadino-centrica: «una citta si puo definire smart quando gli investimenti nel capitale umano e sociale, nelle infrastrutture di collegamento e informatiche alimentano uno sviluppo economico sostenibile che preveda un'alta quality della vita e una gestione oculata delle risorse, all'interno di processi decisionali partecipativi» (Magaro et al., 2020). Le smart homes implicano YInternet of Things (IoT), espressione attribuita a Kevin Ashton del Massachusetts Institute of Technology: alla fine degli anni Novanta, egli sosteneva che una nuova generazione di computer avrebbe utilizzato le reti per lo scambio di informazioni tra le cose (Ashton, 2009). La smart home si caratterizza per la presenza di reti multilivello (Fig. 2) (Marcelino et al., 2018): - BAN, (Body Area Network), attraverso la quale una serie di sensori scambiano dati;- HAN, (Home Area Network) che supporta l'IoT;- WAN, (Wide Area Network) e la rete di prossimita tra l'abitazione, il vicinato e sistema sanitario nazionale. Il prototipo prendera il nome di IDEAs (Intelligent Domestic Ecosystem for an Ageing Society).
ABSTRACT
Studies and systems that are aimed at the identification of the presence of people within an indoor environment and the monitoring of their activities and flows have been receiving more attention in recent years, specifically since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper proposes an approach for people counting that is based on the use of cameras and Raspberry Pi platforms, together with an edge-based transfer learning framework that is enriched with specific image processing strategies, with the aim of this approach being adopted in different indoor environments without the need for tailored training phases. The system was deployed on a university campus, which was chosen as the case study. The proposed system was able to work in classrooms with different characteristics. This paper reports a proposed architecture that could make the system scalable and privacy compliant and the evaluation tests that were conducted in different types of classrooms, which demonstrate the feasibility of this approach. Overall, the system was able to count the number of people in classrooms with a maximum mean absolute error of 1.23.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Pandemics , Humans , Image Processing, Computer-Assisted , Machine LearningABSTRACT
Because of the Covid-19 pandemic, several organisations around the world applied social distancing rules with workplace controls. Most of these rules can be automated and supervised using software systems that interact with connected devices such as smart cameras, motion sensors, smart door locks, etc. Given the critical nature of a pandemic prevention application, it seems essential to use techniques such that the possibility of failures is minimised. The integration of formal reasoning within software development is obviously a way to achieve this goal. Unfortunately, often formal methods are deemed too difficult and hence their application is somehow limited. This study builds on real-life pandemic prevention strategies, and shows how a formal method and domain-specific languages can be mixed in a lightweight development process. Our approach extends Meeduse, a language workbench that embeds an animator and model-checker and allows one to define proved executable Domain-Specific Languages (xDSLs) using the B method. In addition to the benefits of using xDSLs together with a formal approach during the development process the originality of this work is two-fold: (1) first, we propose a novel refinement-based approach that allows DSL developers to produce several versions of the application without breaking down the global safety properties;and (2) second, we use the verified specification of the DSL semantics at runtime so that the implementation effort is highly reduced. © 2021 ACM.
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Buildings shape cities as those cities grow from and nurture people living and working within the built environment. Thus, the conceptualization of smart building should be brought closer to the smart city initiatives that particularly target ensuring and enhancing the sustainability and quality of urban life. In this paper, we propose that a smart building should be interlinked with a smart city surrounding it;it should provide good experiences to its various occupants and it should be in an ongoing state of evolving as an ecosystem, wherein different stakeholders can join to co-produce, co-provide and co-consume services. Smart buildings require a versatile set of smart services based on digital solutions, solutions in the built environment and human activities. We conducted a multiphase collaborative study on new service opportunities guided by a Design Thinking approach. The approach brought people, technology, and business perspectives together and resulted in key service opportunities that have the potential to make the buildings smart and provide enjoyable experience to the occupants who support their living and working activities in smart cities. This paper provides the resulting practical implications as well as proposes future avenues for research.
ABSTRACT
In the era of automation, the Internet of Things (IoT) has come up as a solution and innovation for many applications to improve the basic facilities required in the day-to-day routine. IoT, itself is the interconnectivity of different physical devices with the help of wireless networks e.g., Bluetooth, Wi-Fi without human intervention. The low-cost embedded control unit for Covid free Smart Home is based on the idea of home automation by keeping the current situation of the Covid pandemic in mind. Irradiation of Ultraviolet C (UVC) spectrum is used to sanitize household goods, where convectional sanitization process is not suitable. Simple home automation means controlling or monitoring different electronic/electrical home appliances, devices, and other such things with smartphones or by doing sensor-based operations. All the required devices are connected with one embedded control unit which is managed through a mobile app. This functionality can be accessed either by manually operating a mobile app or with voice assistants e.g., Alexa or Google Assistant, etc. The basic point of communication among devices is based on real-time sensor inputs, which trigger the devices for action and react as per requirements. Ambient light sensors are used to control the on/off the functionality of lights based on the intensity of light present naturally. In this scenario, lights will be switched off in day mode and switched on in night mode. Advancement in wireless technologies enables the researchers to apply various modes of communications among the sensors, gateway, and applications. Bluetooth, Wireless sensor network (WSN), Wi-Fi, Global system for mobile communication (GSM) are a few of them, which are being used either in sensing nodes or in communication gateway to make home automation free of the wired network.
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This Conference Proceedings volume contains the written versions of the contributions presented during the 6th International Conference on Smart City Applications.The event had been planned to organized in Safranbolu Campus of Karabuk University, Turkey. Then, it has been converted to the online conference because of the Covid-19 situation. It took place with the motto of “Virtual Safranbolu” by inspiring historical UNESCO Heritage city Safranbolu, on October 27–29, 2021. The conference provided a setting for discussing recent developments in a wide variety of topics including Geo-Smart Information Systems, Smart Cities, 3D City Modeling and Visualization, Smart Building and Home Automation, Smart Environment and Smart Agriculture, Location Based Services, GeoInformation for Mobile, Wearable Technologies and Wireless Sensor Networks, Building Information Modeling, Virtual and Augmented Reality, Big Data and Urban Data Analytics, Smart Healthcare, Smart Economy and Digital Business, Smart Education and Intelligent Learning System, and etc.The event has been a good opportunity for the more than 400 participants coming from 43 countries of the world to present and discuss topics in their respective research areas. In addition, five keynote speakers presented latest achievements on their fields;Domingos Santos “Smart Cities Strategies: Critical Sucess Factors”, Mohsen Kalantari Soltanieh “Smart buildings to Smart cities – The role of BIM and GIS integration”, Ksentini Adlen, “Zero Touch Management and Orchestration of Network Slices in 5G and Beyond Networks”, Bakr M.Aly Ahmed, “Smart Sustainable Urbanism”, Yusuf Arayıcı, “Design for Energy:Prosumer Buildings”.The 86 papers that were selected as a result of review process and presented during the conference were accepted for the final publication in the ISPRS Archives.We would like to thank all participants, organizing and scientific committee members, and session chairs for their contributions to the conference program and these Proceedings.
ABSTRACT
COVID-19 has disrupted normal life and has enforced a substantial change in the policies, priorities and activities of individuals, organisations and governments. These changes are proving to be a catalyst for technology and innovation. In this paper, we discuss the pandemic's potential impact on the adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in various broad sectors, namely healthcare, smart homes, smart buildings, smart cities, transportation and industrial IoT. Our perspective and forecast of this impact on IoT adoption is based on a thorough research literature review, a careful examination of reports from leading consulting firms and interactions with several industry experts. For each of these sectors, we also provide the details of notable IoT initiatives taken in the wake of COVID-19. We also highlight the challenges that need to be addressed and important research directions that will facilitate accelerated IoT adoption.